论文代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
论文翻译-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
论文修改-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
代写作业代考试题考卷-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
作文报告申请书文章等代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
研究计划书代写-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
西班牙语意大利语论文代写翻译修改
论文发表-英语日语韩语德语俄语法语
英语 English
日语 日本語
韩语한국의
法语 Français
德语 Deutsch
俄语 Pусский
西语 Español
意语 Italiano
·英语论文 ·日语论文
·韩语论文 ·德语论文
·法语论文 ·俄语论文

名称:智尚工作室
电话:0760-86388801
传真:0760-85885119
地址:广东中山市学院路1号
网址:www.zsfy.org
E-Mail:cjpdd
@vip.163.com
商务QQ:875870576
微信二维码

业务联系
成功案例
Experimental Evaluation of the MSP430 Microcontroller Power Requirements
添加时间: 2010-7-30 13:53:04 来源: 作者: 点击数:3855

Experimental Evaluation of the MSP430

Microcontroller Power Requirements

Karel Dudacek *, Vlastimil Vavricka

University of West Bohemia, Dept. Computer Science and Engineering

Univerzitni 8, Pilsen, Czech Republic

      Abstract-In battery operated electronic devices, the energy required to execute given tasks set is one of very important parameters. Modern microcontrollers design provides a number of methods to reduce microcontroller power requirements depending on the microcontroller load. In this paper we present experimental measurement of energy consumption, measured on the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. Conclusions important for theenergy consumption minimization are presented as well.

Keywordsmicrocontroller, power requirements.

I. INTRODUCTION

     Many modern microcontroller (MCU) controlled electronic devices are required to be operated from battery power, without possibility of using outlet AC  adaptor or any other energy source. The time the electronic device can operate between battery changes is often one of the most important parameters. For some devices like thermostats, flowmeters, remote controllers etc. The required battery change period can be one or more years. To achieve this goal, microcontroller manufacturers offer devices with a number of power saving modes. The system designer task is to use this possibilities to minimize the system power requirements, ie. to maximize the battery life. Generally, the CMOS processor power requirement P can be evaluated by the formula 

 P CeVcc2 f IL Vcc , (1)

where Ce is the effective switching capacitance (can be considered to be a constant), VCC  denotes supply voltage, IL is leakage current and f is working (clock) frequency. As the number of clock pulses needed for some specified task execution is a constant, the way to reduce microcontroller power is by reducing supply voltage VCC. The supply voltage can be reduced to the level that guarantee processor operation on frequency required for all tasks to meet their deadlines. This method is known as Dynammic Voltage Scaling.

     The Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) method has been studied in many works ([1], [2]). However, a lot of those works consider simplified processor power requirements model. So that processor power requirements in true real time application can be more complex ([3]), we decided to experimentally investigate this problem in more details. Measurement on the true processor will consider influence of all devices functional blocks (clock generator, internal memory etc.). The goal of our experiments was to find optimal method for microcontroller frequency and supplyvoltage scheduling in order to meet specified performance requirements with minimal energy consumption.

II. THE MSP430 MICROCONTROLLER

    For our experiments we choose the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. This device is designed for low power applications (see [4] and [5]). It can be use with three internal and/or external clock sources with dedicated prescalers (dividers) for processor core and for on-chip peripheral subsystems:

XT1 – Low frequency oscillator can be used in low frequency or high frequency mode. In the low frequency mode, the 32.768 kHz crystal can be used to provide slow clock frequency. In the high frequency mode the maximal frequency can be 8 MHz.

XT2 High frequency oscillator. Can be used in 450 kHz to 8 MHz frequency range.

DCO Digitally controlled RC type oscillator. Frequency of this on-chip oscillator can be digitally controlled by writing appropriate values to control registers. Frequency range of this oscillator is in the range from approximately 400 kHz to 4.5 MHz. With external resistor the frequency can be set to max. 8 MHz.

     All three oscillators can be switched on or off by writing appropriate values to the control registers. Simplified block diagram of MSP430s clock circuits is on the Fig. 1.

III. MCU POWER MEASURTEMENTS

     For energy-optimal MCU voltage and clock frequency planning, the power characteristics of specific device should be known. First, we investigated the MSP430 power requirements in run and idle states. The HF oscillator was turned on to generate the clock signal for CPU core. The DCO and LF oscillators were turned off.

    In the run condition, the MCU core clock frequency was changed by changing HF oscillator frequency, while CPU clock divider was set to 1:1 ratio. All other on-chip peripheral modules were switched off. Supply voltage was changed in the whole MCU working range (from 1.8 V to 3.6 V). The CPU executed task with mix of instructions that used both register and internal memory operands.

     The power curves measured in run condition are on Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Both curves show good correspondence with theoretical assumption given by formula (1). While MCU power dependency on the clock frequency is linear, the power dependency on supply voltage has the obvious quadratic shape (see Fig. 2).

    For the idle state measurement the CPU clock switched off in the clock selectors block (see Fig. 1), while HF oscillator was still running. As we wanted to investigate the MCU power requirements from the practical point of view, we decided to make conditions more realistic. Therefore the LF oscillator was running at 32.768 kHz and sourcing internal Timer_A. (Permanently running hardware timer is required in RT operating systems to provide timer ticks for the real time base.)

    Idle mode power consumption diagrams are shown on Fig 4 and Fig. 5. While the supply voltage power dependency corresponds to equation (1), the frequency power dependency show slow power increase on high frequencies. This can be important in situations, where the CPU core is in idle state for the most time.

   To save more energy the HF oscillator can be switched off if the CPU core is in the idle state. The basic disadvantage of this method is long oscillator starting time, causing big latency when the CPU is woken up to service internal or external interrupt. To avoid this problem, the MSP430 has the DCO (Digitally Controlled Oscillator) with starting delay as short as 6 μs. DCO can be used to provide clock pulses for CPU core as well as for other MCU subsystems.

     Power characteristics of the CPU in run state with DCO clock source are on Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. If we compare power diagrams for MCU running with high frequency XT2 oscillator (Fig. 3) with diagrams for DCO oscillator as the clock source (Fig. 6), we note markedly higher power for DCO At the frequency set to 4 MHz and the supply voltage 2.4 V the XT2 clocked MCU consumed 2.9 mW while at he same frequency and supply voltage the DCO clocked MCU consumed 4.7 mW.

     MCU power requirements for DCO and HF oscillator clock sources are compared on the Fig 8. When the CPU uses DCO as clock source, the power consumption is approximately 1.6 times higher in comparison to HF oscillator clock source. To avoid this disadvantage, more sophisticated wake up algorithm can be considered: After waking up, both HF and DCO oscillators are restarted. After 6 μs CPU can run the program, using DCO clock source. After HF oscillator stabilizes, CPU clock source is switched to it and DCO is stopped.

     When using DCO for MCU clock sourcing, some properties of this oscillator type should be considered. As the DCO uses RC type oscillator, the frequency has poor stability if the temperature changes. Moreover, the frequency varies if the MCU supply voltage changes.

IV. CLOCK DIVIDERS

     For the system where fixed set of tasks is executed, there is no problem to find worst case processor load and to specify clock frequency required to execute all tasks in

their deadlines. If the clock frequency is known, supply voltage can be set to minimal possible value in order to achieve maximal energy conservation. However, if the processor load varies and a dynamic task planning is used, the problem is more complex. The CPU clock frequency has to be changed dynamically to tune the CPU  performance to varied load.

    For this purpose the MSP430 clock generator contains programmable frequency divider. In this circuit the oscillator frequency can be divided by software selectable ratio. The divider ratio can be set to 1, 2, 4 or 8, slowing the CPU clocks appropriately.

     If the CPU clocks are slowed by the clock divider, the oscillator is still running on high frequency, increasing total power of the microcontroller. In our work we did some measurement to investigate this effect.

     The microcontroller executed sample code on various frequencies. Each clock frequency was set by all possible combinations of crystal oscillator frequency and clock divider ratio. For example, the clock frequency 1 MHz was set using 1 MHz oscillator and the clock divider 1, then using 2 MHz oscillator and the clock divider 2 etc.

    Note that both minimum and maximum oscillator frequencies are limited, so some clock divider ratio could not be used. Microcontroller power was measured for all applicable frequency settings.

Results of this experiment are shown on the Fig. 9.

V. CLOCK FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION

     For execution of some task, the specific number of CPU clock pulses is required. As the energy consumed in one clock period is a constant (supposing fixed supply voltage), the total energy for the task execution does not depend on the CPU clock frequency. However, the higher clock frequency is used, the higher supply voltage is required and vice versa (in boundaries specified in the MCU datasheet).

     The MSP430 can be run with supply in the range 1.8 to 3.6 V. For each clock frequency the minimal required supply voltage is specified in the datasheet. MSP430 power consumption for a number of frequencies minimal voltage sets is presented in Table I and on Fig 10.

     In RT operating systems DVS method can be used for energy efficient planning. The goal is to find the slowest possible processor clock frequency which guarantees that all tasks loaded in the system can be executed before its deadlines. As we can use MCU supply voltage as low as possible for this frequency, we can achieve remarkable power conservation (more in [1] and [2]).

     To verify this paradigm on the MSP430, we used three tasks (Task_1, Task_2 and Task_3) that executed mix of instructions. Tasks were started periodically in 100 ms period. Task starting interrupt was generated by on-chiptimer Timer_A, clocked by low frequency oscillator XT1.

    In the active part of the task period (ie. task execution) CPU was clocked by high frequency oscillator XT2. In the idle part of the task period the processor was stopped by switching CPU clock off, while the crystal oscillator XT2 and the low frequency oscillator XT1 were still running (see Fig. 11).

     For each task we did a set of measurements, changing CPU frequency from the lowest possible value (giving 100% CPU load) to the maximal frequency 8 MHz. For each frequency the supply voltage vas set to the minimal possible value according to the MSP430 datasheet (see also TABLE I). The total energy consumption in one task period was measured. Energy consumption curves are shown on the Fig. 12. The theoretical curves on this diagram were computed using separate MCU power measurements in idle and active modes as described in section above. For all three tasks, the minimum power consumption was achieved for frequencies less or equal to 4 MHz. The consumption curves have flat or only slightly rising shape in this frequency range. Although the active periods had various lengths depending on the clock frequency, the number of clock pulses needed to execute the task in the active state was the same. Because the supply voltage for frequency less or equal to 4 MHz had to be set to 1.8 V, the energy consumed in one task period was the same for all of these frequencies. Small energy consumption increase observed in Task_1 was probably caused by consumption of the clock generator and other clock circuits.

     Clock frequencies higher than 4 MHz required higher supply voltage, causing remarkable increase of energy consumption

VI. CONCLUSIONS

       Results of our experiments showed that dynamic voltage scaling method is well applicable on the MSP430 microcontroller. As the minimal supply voltage 1.8 V guarantee the MCU operability with clock frequency 4 MHz, from this point of view there is no necessity to use lower frequency as the total energy consumption will not decrease.

      For application of the DVS method with dynamic task planning, one more fact should be considered: To set the supply voltage to the level corresponding to the CPU operating frequency, the system has to be equipped with device (for example DC/DC converter) for supply voltage adjustment (see Fig. 13). Such devices are available on the market, but as the MSP430 is designed for single chip solutions and tiny systems, there is the question about overall effectiveness of such solution.

     To save the energy in the CPU  idle period, both HF oscillator and DCO can be turned off. The MSP430 has capability to restart DCO automatically if some interrupt occurred. Fast DCO restart adds only about 6 µs to the interrupt latency time. However the power requirement of DCO clocked CPU are nearly twice the power requirement of HF oscillator clocked CPU. The appropriate procedure is to restart both oscillators simultaneously. After HF oscillator stabilizes, the software can set it as the clock source and turn the DCO off consecutively.

        Many modern microcontrollers are designed for low power applications. We believe that our paper showed that detailed study of these microcontroller properties is necessary if power saving modes have to be used with the maximal effect.

VII. FUTURE WORE

       Measurements presented in this paper were done in the simple software loops, without any operating system. In the future work we will focus to the power requirements of microcontroller running tasks in the RTOS  environment. The goal of our work will be to find rules for energy optimal task planning and clock system adjusting.

REFERENCES

[1] J. Jejurikar, R. Gupta, Optimized slowdown in Real/Time Task Systems,Proceedings of the 12th Euromicro Conference on Real/Time Systems ECRTS 2004, pp. 155 164, 2004.

[2] H.-S. Yun, J. Kim, On Energy-Optimal Voltage Scheduling for Fixed-Priority Hard Real-Time Systems.ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 2(3): pp 393.- 430, 2003.

[3] D. C. Snowdon, S. Ruocco, and G. Heiser, Power Management and Dynamic Voltage Scaling: Myths and Facts,Proceedings of

the 2005 Workshop on Power Aware Real-time Computing, pp. 44 - 49. New Jersey, USA, September 2005.

[4] NSP430x1xx Family Users Guide, Texas Instruments Inc. 2003.

[5] MSP430x13xx, MSP430x14xx: Mixed Signal Microcontroller, Texas Instruments Inc. 2004.

智尚简介  |  诚聘英才  |  联系我们  |  友情链接
版权所有:@2007-2009 智尚 电话:0760-86388801 客服QQ:875870576
地址:广东中山市学院路1号 邮编:528402 皖ICP备12010335号-8
  • 《飘》与《倾城之恋》中女性形象比较
  • 中国大学法语专业毕业论文写作研究
  • 韩语专业毕业论文写作探索
  • 高职日语专业毕业论文测评体系思考
  • 日语专业毕业论文选题问题
  • 日语专业本科毕业论文现状调查与分析
  • 境外将美元汇入中国方法渠道方式
  • 财产、厂房和设备按照IAS16审计
  • IFRS:國際財務報告準則
  • IFRS:國際財務報告準則
  • 德国酒店中德两国文化的交融和冲突
  • 工业翻译中译英考试题目
  • Introduction to en
  • 从汉法主要颜色词汇的文化内涵看两国文
  • Un problème chez &
  • INTERNATIONAL AND
  • IHRM Individual re
  • НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-КУЛЬТУ
  • ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНО
  • SPE会议论文翻译
  • Project Proposal 地
  • 中国意大利家用电器领域合作的可能性和
  • Career Goal与Career
  • Caractéristiques e
  • L'influence de l'S
  • 英语口语教学改革途径测试与分析
  • 语用学理论与高校英语阅读教学
  • 日本语研究计划书写作申请
  • To Whom it May Con
  • 译文中英对照葡萄酒产品介绍
  • 韩国传统用餐礼节
  • 日本語の暧昧語婉曲暧昧性省略表現以心
  • 研究计划书写作要求
  • Outline Impact of
  • 计算机工程与网络技术国际学术会议EI
  • 微软的人脸3D建模技术 Kinect
  • Qualitative resear
  • 新闻的感想
  • 与老师对话的测验
  • 韩语论文修改意见教授老师
  • 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院英语专业
  • APA论文写作格式
  • the surrounding en
  • Современное состоя
  • CHIN30005 Advanced
  • The APA Harvard Sy
  • Annotated Bibiolgr
  • Acker Merrall & Co
  • 资生堂进入中国市场的经营策略
  • Introduction to Pu
  • 软件测试Introduction t
  • Pro Ajax and java
  • 用户体验The user exper
  • AJAX Design Patter
  • The Rich Client Pl
  • Keyframer Chunks
  • 3D-Studio File For
  • Mathematics for Co
  • The Linux MTD, JFF
  • 中日体态语的表现形式及其差异
  • CB 202 System Anal
  • 论日本恐怖电影与好莱坞恐怖片的异同
  • 俄语论文修改
  • 古典诗歌翻译英语论文资料
  • <한중
  • 公司治理(Corporate Gov
  • 英语习语翻译中的移植与转换
  • 日语(上) 期末复习题
  • ACTIVIDAD CORRESPO
  • 리더&#
  • 购物小票翻译
  • 论文摘要翻译英文
  • Bedeutung der Prod
  • ELABORACIÓN
  • 英语考卷代写代做
  • 日本語の感情形容詞の使用特徴——ドラ
  • 未来創造学部卒業研究要領
  • 光之明(国际)低碳产品交易中心介绍
  • 中国の茶文化と日本茶道との比較—精神
  • 목차
  • Final Project Grad
  • 東京学芸大学>センターなど教員許 夏
  • 東京学芸大学 大学院教育学研究科(修
  • 白澤論
  • ポスト社会主義モンゴルにおけるカザフ
  • 言語と色彩現象—史的テクストをもとに
  • 渡来人伝説の研究
  • 中日企业文化差异的比较
  • Modellierung des B
  • 日本大学奖学金申请
  • 大学日语教师尉老师
  • 석사&#
  • Chemical Shift of
  • 中韩生日习俗文化比较
  • Measure of Attachm
  • 酒店韩国客人满意度影响因素研究
  • 要旨部分の訂正版をお送りします
  • Writing and textua
  • 日本企業文化が中国企業にもたらす啓示
  • 日本情报信息专业考试题
  • 雅丽姿毛绒时装有限公司网站文案(中文
  • 語用論の関連性理論「carston」
  • 組織行動と情報セキュリティ.レポート
  • Bedarf
  • 中日企业文化差异的比较
  • 从语形的角度对比中日“手”语义派生的
  • 中国明朝汉籍东传日本及其对日本文化的
  • 《中日茶道文化比较》
  • 从中日两国电视剧看中日文化之差异
  • FOM Hochschule für
  • Die Rolle der Bank
  • A Penny for Your T
  • 也谈ガ行鼻浊音的语音教学问题
  • On the Difference
  • 衣装は苗族の伝統文化の主な表現形式
  • 日语语言文学硕士论文:日本の义务教育
  • 日本的茶文化
  • Samsung Electronic
  • Synthesis and char
  • The traveling mark
  • The Japanese Democ
  • 四季の歌
  • CapitoloI La situa
  • The Effects of Aff
  • WEB服务安全保障分析
  • 音译汉语和英语的相互渗透引用
  • 中日两国服装贸易日语论文写作要求
  • 日语论文修改意见
  • 英语作文题目
  • 申请留学社会经验心得体会
  • BE951 Coursework O
  • Overview township
  • 日本の長寿社会考察
  • 日语老师教师电话联系方式
  • 「依頼」に対する中上級者の「断り」に
  • 日本語序論
  • component formatti
  • 日文文献资料的查阅方法
  • 日文文献资料的查阅方法
  • 日语文献检索日文文献搜索网站
  • 日本留学硕士及研究生的区别硕士申请条
  • Adult attachment s
  • レベルが向上する中国の日本学研究修士
  • 日本留学硕士(修士)与研究生的区别
  • Nontraditional Man
  • Engine Lathes
  • Automatic Screw M
  • Chain Drives
  • V-belt
  • Bestimmung der rut
  • 中山LED生产厂家企业黄页大全
  • 活用神话的文化背景来看韩国语教育方案
  • MLA論文格式
  • 旅游中介
  • MLA论文格式代写MLA论文
  • 小論文參考資料寫作格式範例(採APA
  • clothing model; fi
  • 共同利用者支援システムへのユーザー登
  • 太陽風を利用した次世代宇宙推進システ
  • RAO-SS:疎行列ソルバにおける実
  • 井伏鱒二の作品における小動物について
  • 從“老祖宗的典籍”到“現代科學的証
  • “A great Pecking D
  • 净月法师简历
  • 科技论文中日对照
  • 翻译的科技论文节选
  •  IPY-4へ向ける準備の進み具合
  • 論文誌のJ-STAGE投稿ʍ
  • Journal of Compute
  • 学会誌 (Journal of Co
  • 学会誌JCCJ特集号への投稿締切日の
  • 「化学レポート:現状と将来」
  • 韩语翻译个人简历
  • 九三会所
  • 事態情報附加連体節の中国語表現につい
  • International Bacc
  • HL introduction do
  • コーパスを利用した日本語の複合動詞の
  • 日语分词技术在日语教材开发中的应用构
  • 北極圏環境研究センター活動報告
  • 语用学在翻译中的运用
  • 日汉交替传译小议——从两篇口译试题谈
  • 総合科学専攻における卒業論文(ミニ卒
  • Heroes in August W
  • 玛雅文明-西班牙语论文
  • 西班牙语论文-西班牙旅游美食建筑
  • 八戸工業大学工学部環境建設工学科卒業
  • 親の連れ子として離島の旧家にやって来
  • 「米ソ協定」下の引揚げにおいて
  • タイトル:少子化対策の国際比較
  • メインタイトル:ここに入力。欧数字は
  • 東洋大学工学部環境建設学科卒業論文要
  • IPCar:自動車プローブ情報システ
  • Abrupt Climate Cha
  • Recognition of Eco
  • Complexities of Ch
  • Statistical Analys
  • Dangerous Level o
  • 中日对照新闻稿
  • 俄汉语外来词使用的主要领域对比分析
  • 两种形式的主谓一致
  • 韩语论文大纲修改
  • 중국&#
  • 俄语外来词的同化问题
  • 北海道方言中自发助动词らさる的用法与
  • 论高职英语教育基础性与实用性的有机结
  • 论高职幼师双语口语技能的培养
  • 论高职幼师英语口语技能的培养
  •     自分・この眼&
  • 成蹊大学大学院 経済経営研究科
  • アクア・マイクロ
  • 公共経営研究科修士論文(政策提言論文
  • 基于学习风格的英语学习多媒体课件包
  • 后殖民时期印度英语诗歌管窥
  • 汉语互动致使句的句法生成
  • 笔译价格
  • 携帯TV電話の活用
  • 英語学習におけるノートテイキング方略
  • 強化学習と決定木によるエージェント
  • エージェントの行動様式の学習法
  • 学習エージェントとは
  • 強化学習と決定木学習による汎用エージ
  • 講演概要の書き方
  • 对学生英语上下义语言知识与写作技能的
  • 英汉词汇文化内涵及其翻译
  • 论大学英语教学改革之建构主义理论指导
  • 国内影片片名翻译研究综观及现状
  • 平成13年度経済情報学科特殊研究
  • Comparison of curr
  • 英文论文任务书
  • This project is to
  • the comparison of
  • デジタルペンとRFIDタグを活用した
  • 無資格者無免許・対策関
  • 創刊の辞―医療社会学の通常科学化をめ
  • gastric cancer:ade
  • 揭示政治语篇蕴涵的意识形态
  • 试论专业英语课程项目化改革的可行性
  • 多媒体环境下的英语教学交际化
  • 翻译认知论
  • 读高桥多佳子的《相似形》
  • 以英若诚对“Death of A S
  • 论沈宝基的翻译理论与实践
  • 论语域与文学作品中人物会话的翻译
  • 浅析翻译活动中的文化失衡
  • 谈《傲慢与偏见》的语言艺术
  • 论语言结构差异对翻译实效性的影响
  • 英语传递小句的认知诠释
  • 英语阅读输入的四大误区
  • 在语言选择中构建社会身份
  • 私たちが見た、障害者雇用の今。
  • 震災復興の経済分析
  • 研究面からみた大学の生産性
  • 喫煙行動の経済分析
  • 起業の経済分析
  • 高圧力の科学と技術の最近の進歩
  • 「観光立国」の実現に向けて
  • 資源としてのマグロと日本の動向
  • 揚湯試験結果の概要温泉水の水質の概要
  • 計量史研究執筆要綱 
  • 日中友好中国大学生日本語科卒業論文
  • 제 7 장
  • 전자&
  • 現代國民論、現代皇室論
  • 記紀批判—官人述作論、天皇宗家論
  • 津田的中國觀與亞洲觀
  • 津田思想的形成
  • 反思台灣與中國的津田左右吉研究
  • 遠隔講義 e-learning
  • 和文タイトルは17ポイント,センタリ
  • Design And Impleme
  • Near-surface mount
  • 중국 &
  • 韩国泡菜文化和中国的咸菜文化
  • 무한&#
  • 수시 2
  • 韩流流向世界
  • 무설&#
  • 要想学好韩语首先得学好汉语
  • 사망&#
  • Expression and Bio
  • Increased Nuclear
  • 论女性主义翻译观
  • 健康食品の有効性
  • 日语的敬语表现与日本人的敬语意识
  • 日语拒否的特点及表达
  • Solve World’s Prob
  • 韩汉反身代词“??”和“自己”的对比
  • 韩汉量词句法语义功能对比
  • 浅析日语中的省略现象
  • 浅谈日语中片假名的应用
  • 土木学会論文集の完全版下印刷用和文原
  • 英语语调重音研究综述
  • 英汉语言结构的差异与翻译
  • 平等化政策の現状と課題
  • 日本陸軍航空史航空特攻
  • 商务日语专业毕业生毕业论文选题范围
  • 家庭内暴力の現象について
  • 敬语使用中的禁忌
  • Treatment of high
  • On product quality
  • Functional safety
  • TIDEBROOK MARITIME
  • 日文键盘的输入方法
  • 高职高专英语课堂中的提问策略
  • 对高校学生英语口语流利性和正确性的思
  • 二语习得中的文化错误分析及对策探讨
  • 高职英语专业阅读课堂教学氛围的优化对
  • 趣谈英语中的比喻
  • 浅析提高日语国际能力考试听力成绩的对
  • 外语语音偏误认知心理分析
  • 读格林童话《小精灵》有感
  • “新世纪”版高中英语新课教学导入方法
  • 初探大学英语口语测试模式与教学的实证
  • 中加大学生拒绝言语行为的实证研究
  • 目的论与翻译失误研究—珠海市旅游景点
  • 对学生英语上下义语言知识与写作技能的
  • 英语水平对非英语专业研究生语言学习策
  • 英语教学中的文化渗透
  • 中学教师自主学习角色的一项实证研究
  • 叶维廉后期比较文学思想和中诗英译的传
  • 钟玲中诗英译的传递研究和传递实践述评
  • 建构主义和高校德育
  • 论习语的词法地位
  • 广告英语中的修辞欣赏
  • 从奢侈品消费看王尔德及其唯美主义
  • 论隐喻的逆向性
  • 企盼和谐的两性关系——以劳伦斯小说《
  • 论高等教育大众化进程中的大学英语教学
  • 试论《三四郎》的三维世界
  • 李渔的小说批评与曲亭马琴的读本作品
  • 浅谈中国英语的表现特征及存在意义
  • 湖南常德农村中学英语教师师资发展状况
  • 海明威的《向瑞士致敬》和菲茨杰拉德
  • 围绕课文综合训练,培养学生的写作能力
  • 指称晦暗性现象透析
  • 西部地区中学生英语阅读习惯调查
  • 论隐喻的逆向性
  • 认知体验与翻译
  • 试析英诗汉译中的创造性
  • 言语交际中模糊语浅议
  • 认知体验与翻译
  • 关于翻译中的词汇空缺现象及翻译对策
  • 从互文性视角解读《红楼梦》两译本宗教
  • 从目的论看中英动物文化词喻体意象的翻
  • 高校英语语法教学的几点思考
  • 高校体艺类学生外语学习兴趣与动机的研
  • 大学英语自主学习存在的问题及“指导性
  • 从接受美学看文学翻译的纯语言观
  • 《红楼梦》两种英译本中服饰内容的翻译
  • 法语对英语的影响
  • 影响中美抱怨实施策略的情景因素分析
  • 代写需求表
  • 跨文化交际中称赞语的特点及语言表达模
  • 实现文化教育主导外语教育之研究
  • 试论读者变量对英语阅读的影响
  • 从文化的角度看英语词汇中的性别歧视现
  • 合作原则在外贸函电翻译中的运用
  • Default 词义探悉
  • 从图示理论看英汉翻译中的误译
  • 许国璋等外语界老前辈所接受的双语教学
  • “provide” 和 “suppl
  • 由英汉句法对比看长句翻译中的词序处理
  • 1000名富翁的13条致富秘诀中英对
  • 英语中18大激励人心的谚语中英对照
  • 反省女性自身 寻求两性和谐---评
  • 浅析翻译中的“信”
  • 集体迫害范式解读《阿里》
  • 横看成岭侧成峰-从美学批评角度解读《
  • 福柯的话语权及规范化理论解读《最蓝的
  • 播客技术在大学英语教学中的应用
  • 如何在山区中等专业学校英语课堂实施分
  • 奈达与格特翻译理论比较研究
  • 语篇内外的衔接与连贯
  • Economic globaliza
  • 用概念整合理论分析翻译中不同思维模式
  • 英语新闻语篇汉译过程中衔接手段的转换
  • 对易卜生戏剧创作转向的阐释
  • 动词GO语义延伸的认知研究
  • 反思型教师—我国外语教师发展的有效途
  • 输入与输出在词汇学习中的动态统一关系
  • 教育实践指导双方身份认同批判性分析
  • 中英商务文本翻译异化和归化的抉择理据
  • 从艺术结构看《呼啸山庄》
  • 从儒家术语“仁”的翻译论意义的播撒
  • 论隐喻与明喻的异同及其在教学中的启示
  • 话语标记语的语用信息在英汉学习型词典
  • 论森欧外的历史小说
  • 翻译认知论 ——翻译行为本质管窥
  • 中美语文教材设计思路的比较
  • 美国写作训练的特点及思考
  • UP语义伸延的认知视角
  • 成功的关键-The Key to S
  • 杨利伟-Yang Liwei
  • 武汉一个美丽的城市
  • 对儿童来说互联网是危险的?
  • 跨文化交际教学策略与法语教学
  • 试论专业英语课程项目化改革的可行性-
  • 论沈宝基的翻译理论与实践
  • 翻译认知论——翻译行为本质管窥
  • 母爱的虚像 ——读高桥多佳子的《相似
  • 浅析英语广告语言的特点
  • 中国の株価動向分析
  • 日语拒否的特点及表达
  • 日语的敬语表现与日本人的敬语意识
  • 浅析日语中的省略现象
  • 浅谈日语中片假名的应用
  • 浅谈日语敬语的运用法
  • 浅谈日语会话能力的提高
  • ^论日语中的年轻人用语
  • 敬语使用中的禁忌
  • 关于日语中的简略化表达
  • 关于日语的委婉表达
  • The Wonderful Stru
  • Of Love(论爱情)
  • SONY Computer/Notb
  • 从加拿大汉语教学现状看海外汉语教学
  • MLA格式简要规范
  • 浅析翻译类学生理解下的招聘广告
  • 日本大学排名
  • 虎头虎脑
  • 杰克逊涉嫌猥亵男童案首次庭审
  • Throughout his car
  • June 19,1997: Vict
  • 今天你睡了“美容觉”吗?
  • [双语]荷兰橙色统治看台 荷兰球员统
  • Father's Day(异趣父亲节
  • 百佳电影台词排行前25名
  • June 9,1983: Thatc
  • June 8, 1968: Robe
  • 60 players mark bi
  • June 6, 1984: Indi
  • 日本の専門家が漁業資源を警告するのは
  • オーストリア巴馬は模範的な公民に日本
  • 日本のメディアは朝鮮があるいは核実験
  • 世界のバレーボールの日本の32年の始
  • 日本の国債は滑り降りて、取引員と短い
  • 广州紧急“清剿”果子狸
  • 美国“勇气”号登陆火星
  • 第30届冰灯节哈尔滨开幕
  • 美国士兵成为时代周刊2003年度人物
  • BIRD flu fears hav
  • 中国チベット文化週間はマドリードで開
  • 中国チベット文化週間はマドリードで開
  • 中国の重陽の文化の発祥地──河南省西
  • シティバンク:日本の国債は中国の中央
  • イギリスは間もなく中国にブタ肉を輸出
  • 古いものと新しい中国センター姚明の失
  • 中国の陝西は旅行して推薦ӥ
  • 中国の電子は再度元手を割って中国の有