Part One: Related Theory Review
High-tech industrial cluster refers to companies and organizations gathered in a certain area which is mutual associated, complementary and competing in the field of high technology. Full of innovation, these clusters are usually around universities and research institutes.Industry concentration level is affected by many factors, not only economic geographical factors, new economic geography factors, but also the government related policy factors, such as the quantity of developers, capital investment, finance, research and development funds invested in financial institutions, education, science and technology, the economic development level in the local area, etc.
When exploring the competitiveness of Canadian biotechnology industry cluster, Sabourin&Pinsonneaut pointed out that the high-quality human resources play a key role in creating a gathering relationship; knowledge resources play the role of protection of intellectual assets; abundant capital resources become a push factor for the technology development and commercialization, and make both of them obtain multiplier effect. In the research of American Silicon Valley high-tech industry agglomeration phenomenon, Bahrml&Evans pointed out that the following six factors, including universities and research institutions, risk assets, supporting infrastructure, the high quality talent, entrepreneurial spirit and lead users interact with each other so as to successfully promote the formation of industrial cluster.
Some Chinese scholars believe that some of the industrial cluster phenomena have a direct relationship with privatization. They hold that the system innovation leads to the reduction of transaction costs and thus provides a deep level of protection for the formation of industrial agglomeration.
Considering the above performance investigation of industrial clusters, there are two aspects of deficiency on the study of clusters: One is the lack of systematic theory framework analysis of cluster economy. Most of the researches are often limited to a certain angle, especially the lack of theoretical comprehensive and deepening research in cluster performance. The other is that the existing researches are limited to static analysis of cluster economic network structure and division of labor. They are lack of system analysis of cluster economy dynamic evolution, evolution mechanism of rise and fall. To study and solve the deficiencies in the above two aspects, is not only the key of research in industrial cluster in the future, but also what this paper attempts to focus on solving.
Part Three: Conclusion
Through the above regression analysis, we know that the overall situation of the model is good. It is safe to come to the conclusion that patent accredit quantity, new product production rate, government funding ratio in funds of science and technology activities have made effect in Shaanxi high-tech industry cluster level.
First, the output rate of new products is the most influential factor on the industrial agglomeration level. While patent accredit quantity reflecting the technical innovation ability makes the minimal effect on the industrial agglomeration level, which may be due to the not fully played potential of high technology production. Although investment in the activities of science and technology is strengthen in recent years, the effect of the investment in science and technology is not obvious. Output and input is not consistent. Therefore it makes less impact on industry agglomeration level. It also indicates that the input and output effect of Shaanxi science and technology is not obvious, the abilities of science and technology in promoting social development is not outstanding, which affects the Shaanxi high-tech industrial cluster effect.
Therefore, the government of Shaanxi province needs to strengthen the industry innovation ability and foundation ability construction of scientific research in engineering research center, major scientific projects and knowledge innovation engineering, make clear the goal and task of research and development institutions, establish target assessment system of infrastructure construction; it needs to promote the integrated cooperation mechanism of production, study and research, and promote the formation of the effective interaction pattern of the cooperation mechanism. The government needs to make full use of the advantages that there are many scientific research institutions in Shaanxi and their scientific research strength is strong, build enterprise technology innovation system with enterprise as the main body, extensive participated by scientific research institutions and universities, promote the commercialization of scientific research achievement.
As a high technology enterprise, it needs to strengthen the cultivation of independent innovation ability, accumulate industry scale and competitive strength through the introduction of the original innovation and integrated innovation, and create high-tech industry cluster with their own intellectual property rights.
Second, government support has a positive effect on Shaanxi high technology industrial cluster performance. It shows that the financial support of the government has formed powerful supplement on the high technology industry development in Shaanxi province, the government technology support for industry has formed a strong “backing”. In the formation of high technology industry cluster, the government plays a decisive role. Perfect technical innovation system arrangement and fair, effective market competition environment creation, both need supply from government effective frame. It proves that the government of Shaanxi province has made great efforts. Meanwhile, due to inadequate service innovation, not perfect system, government support on promoting cluster performance is not significant. It indicates that the government should make more efforts in policy research, market coordination etc. Through reasonable system arrangement and policy-making, the government needs to improve and perfect the function of government made in the high tech industrial clusters development, create transaction specification, competitive and orderly market system and market environment, provide material, legal and policy security for the promotion of high-tech industry cluster effect.
Third, investment in human resources playing an inconspicuous effect on the industrial agglomeration level, are removed in multiple colinearity tests. It proves that serious defects existing in Shaanxi province high technology industry human resources development. Although the government of Shaanxi has established research information service center in recent years, setting up a full bridge for enterprises, institutions of higher learning and research institutes, as a result of the not formed interactive mode of cooperation mechanism between parties, the institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions have not become the important source of enterprise technological innovation.
Therefore, the government should adopt the means of “introducing foreign capital and establishing domestic connections”, combine the talent introduction with self-cultivation multi-level innovative talents, accelerate the cultivation of talents and construction of professional talent team, provide a strong talent pool for the development of high technology industry cluster, and create value for the high technology industry agglomeration level of Shaanxi province.
As a high technology enterprise, first, it needs to strengthen cooperation with institutions of higher learning, perfect the mechanism of production and research, promote the professional talents training, maintain the continuous output of the high quality professional talents resources for high technology enterprises and related research institutions; second, it should provide more preferential policies to practitioners to attract high technology industry practitioners and lay a broad foundation of human resources for the cluster development.
Fourth, the investment level variables making inconspicuous influence on Shaanxi high-tech industry cluster effect were removed in multiple colinearity tests. As we know, the high investment is one of the characteristics of high-tech industry. The higher high tech industry investment level of a region is, the easier to attract high technology enterprises assemble in this area, and the higher the high technology industry agglomeration level will become. When making the regression analysis of investment in the high technology industry in Shaanxi province, we find that the fixed capital investment makes a small influence on the level of industrial agglomeration effect. Due to repeated distributions of Shaanxi high-tech industry cluster, duplication of investment caused, and the investment did not achieve the maximum use. At present, in the 5 national high-tech zones (Xi’an, Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan, Yangling) in Shaanxi province, there are 4 biological pharmaceutical groups, the 2 electronic information industrial clusters, 4 advanced manufacturing clusters and 2 clusters of new materials. The repeated distribution pattern of industrial clusters will separate the advantage of resources, make them difficult to integrate effectively and form highly competitive industry clusters. For this, Shaanxi must first make a reasonable industry layout. On the basis of serious research and full proof, they need to grasp the pulse of different regional industrial development, identify the pillar characteristics and key development industry. Secondly, the government needs to make a good planning of industry regional layout, make reasonable layout of cluster development according to the distribution of cluster elements, avoid repeated construction and investment in the same area, and strive to make fully use of the investment.
一、相关理论述评
高技术产业集群是指在高技术领域内相互关联(互补、竞争)的企业与机构在一定的地域内的聚集,这种集群通常围绕在大学或研究机构的周围形成,是充满创新活力的有机体。而产业的集聚水平与多方面的影响因素有关,既包含经济地理因素、新经济地理因素,又包括政府的相关政策等因素,如所处区位的开发人员数量、资本投入、财政、金融机构、教育、科技、研究与开发经费的投入、经济发展水平等。
Sabourin&Pinsonneaut在探讨加拿大生物科技产业集聚的竞争力时指出,高品质人力资源扮演创造集聚关系的关键角色,知识资源则扮演保护知识资产的角色,丰富的资本资源成为技术发展及商业化的推动因素,并使两者取得乘数效果。Bahrml&Evans在研究美国硅谷的高科技产业集聚现象时指出大学及研究机构、风险性资产、支持性基础设施、高素质的人才、创业家精神、领先使用者这六个因素互相影响从而促进产业集聚得以成功。
我国一些学者认为,一些产业集聚现象与“国退民进”有直接的关系,其机理在于制度创新导致交易成本的降低从而为产业集聚形成提供了深层次的保障。
从前面的产业集群绩效考察来看,对集群这一经济形态的研究存在以下两方面的不足:一是缺乏对集群经济较为系统的理论框架分析,多数研究往往只限于某一角度层面的研究,特别是缺乏对集群绩效进行理论综合和深化的研究;二是局限于对集群经济的网络结构、分工协作等的静态分析,缺少对集群经济动态演化、兴衰更替的演进机理的系统分析。研究和解决这两方面不足,既是今后产业集群研究的重点,也是本文试图重点解决的一个问题。
三、结论
通过以上回归分析,我们得知模型的总体情况较好,可得出专利授权量、新产品产值率和科技活动经费中政府资金所占比率均对陕西高技术产业集群的产业集聚水平存在着影响的结论。
(1)其中新产品的产值率对产业集聚水平影响最大,而反映技术创新能力的另一要素专利授权量对产业集聚水平的影响最小,原因可能是高技术产出潜能未完全发挥。尽管近几年科技活动投入力度加强,但科技投入效果不明显,产出和投入不相符,因而对产业聚集水平的影响也较小。这同时也说明陕西的科技投入产出效果不明显,科技促进社会发展的能力不突出,这影响了陕西高技术产业集群效应的发挥。
为此,陕西省政府要加强各工程研究中心、重大科学工程、知识创新工程等产业创新能力和科研基础能力建设,明确各研发机构的目标和任务,建立基础设施建设的目标评估体系;要推动产学研一体化合作机制并推动合作机制中各方之间有效互动模式的形成,充分利用陕西科研院校多、科研实力强的优势,建成以企业为主体、科研机构和高校广泛参与的企业技术创新体系,促进科研成果商品化。
作为高技术企业,要加强自主创新能力的培育,通过引进原始创新、集成创新等途径积聚产业规模和竞争实力,打造拥有自主知识产权的高技术产业集群。
(2)政府支持力度对陕西省高技术产业集群绩效具有正向的促进作用。这说明政府资金的支持已形成对陕西省高技术产业发展的有力补充,政府对产业的科技支持形成了坚强的“后盾”。
在高技术产业集群的形成中,政府的职能和地位举足轻重,完善的技术创新制度安排、公平高效的市场竞争环境的打造都需要政府的有效框架供给。这方面可以看出陕西省政府做出了很大的努力。但同时由于服务不够创新,制度不够完善,导致了政府支持力度对集群绩效的促进作用较不显著,说明政府还应在政策研究,市场协调等方面多下功夫。通过合理的制度安排和政策制定,提高和完善政府在高技术产业集群发展中的职能和作用,打造交易规范、竞争有序的市场体系和市场环境,为高技术产业集群效应的提升提供物质、法律和政策的保障。
(3)人力资源投入对产业集聚水平的促进作用不明显,在多重共线性检验中被剔除。这说明陕西省高技术产业人力资源开发方面存在着严重缺陷。虽然近几年陕西已建立起产学研信息服务中心,为企业与高等院校、科研院所之间架起全面联系的桥梁,但由于合作机制中各方之间的互动模式尚未形成,高等院校或科研机构并未较好地成为高技术企业创新的重要来源。
为此,政府应采用外引内联的手段,将人才引进与自主培养多层次创新人才相结合,加快人才的培养和专业人才团队的构建,为高技术产业集群的发展提供强大的人才库,为陕西省高技术产业集聚水平创造价值。
作为高技术企业,首先要加强与高等院校的合作,完善产学研机制,促进高校专业人才的培养,保持高质量的专业人才资源对于高技术企业和相关科研机构的持续输出;其次要给从业人员提供更多优惠的政策,吸引高技术产业从业人员,为集群的发展奠定广泛的人力资源基础。
(4)投资水平变量对陕西高技术产业集群效应的促进作用不明显,在多重共线性检验中被剔除。我们知道,高投资是高技术产业的一个特性,一个地区高技术产业投资水平越高,越容易吸引高技术企业在此地区集聚,高技术产业集聚水平就越高。而在对陕西省高技术产业投资额进行回归分析的时候,发现其固定投资额对产业集聚水平的作用非常小。其中一个原因是由于陕西高技术产业集群重复分布,造成了重复投资,使得投资没有达到利用率最大化。
目前,在陕西5个国家级高新区(西安、咸阳、宝鸡、渭南、杨凌)中,存在4个生物医药集群、2个电子信息产业集群、4个先进制造集群和2个新材料集群,此种产业集群重复分布格局,势必会将优势资源分割开来,很难有效整合,形成具有强竞争力的产业集群。对此,陕西首先要做好合理的产业规划,要在认真调研和充分论证的基础上,把握不同区域产业发展的脉象确定不同区域的支柱特色和重点发展产业;其次规划好产业区域布局,按照集群要素的分布合理布局集群发展,避免区内重复建设、重复投资,力争使投资尽可能多的得到充分利用。